- \n
- to improve alliances, cooperation and innovative activities for improved farming systems and value chains by integrating knowledge from different actors along value chains in Transition Networks; and<\/li>\n
- to contribute to the knowledge of the policy community as part of value chains by assessing the relevance of Actor Groups\u2019 knowledge and translating it for policy development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”headline project leogo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” disabled=”on” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n
Project logo<\/strong><\/h4>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.legumehub.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut.jpg” alt=”Legume Futures” title_text=”Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut” admin_label=”project logo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” background_enable_image=”off” module_alignment=”left” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”content einspaltig, unter logo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” disabled=”on” collapsed=”on”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”Text einleitung 17px” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” disabled=”on” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n
Results<\/h3>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”Text einleitung 19px” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”19px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” disabled=”on” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n
Aims<\/h3>\n
The overall aim of Legumes Translated is to increase the production and use of grain legume crops as part of a European Protein Transition.<\/p>\n
There is already knowledge and capacity available through local, regional and international initiatives. We aim to stimulate innovation by building on these existing initiatives by networking actor groups linked to them. The project\u2019s objectives are:
\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”content” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off”]The Legume Futures project set out to deliver knowledge and technology for the optimisation of the use of legumes in European agricultural systems and promote the partnerships needed to achieve this. The consortium used a combination of case studies, modelling and new data to improve understanding of crop rotations and farming system for improved legume production. The consortium assessed ecosystem services delivered by legumes and the economics of legume production across the EU. Fundamental to the wider and longer term impact of the project, the project also have addressed the policy background and options.<\/p>\nUsing an extensive network of 18 case studies in 12 countries, the Legume Futures project evaluated the current status of legumes in European farming systems and evaluated the economic, environmental and resource effects of new and novel cropping systems in which legumes are a component. The case study approach developed understanding of the current state of legume production in different agroclimatic zones and the effects of legumes in cropping systems and perceived barriers to production. This was achieved partly through discussion with an extensive network of researchers, advisors, producers and civil society. A second approach brought together insight gathered from the network of 18 long-term and well-documented experiments. The accumulated intelligence from both these approaches was used to develop biophysical and economic models of cropping systems at both the farm and regional scales. Using five contrasting regions of Europe (Eastern Scotland (UK), Calabria (IT) Sud-Muntena (RO)) V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (SE) and Brandenburg (DE)), a rigorous analysis of existing and new rotational designs was undertaken to explore the economic and agronomic implications of new system designs. In the majority of cases, rotations that included legumes were more profitable than those that did not. However, in Sweden and Germany the legume based rotations were less profitable and considered by farmers to represent a higher risk than conventional non-legume based rotations. Thus at current estimates of crop values and input costs, it is already economic to include legumes in rotations in many European conditions. The legume sometimes took the form of an additional crop in the rotation and sometimes as a direct replacement for another crop. The generated rotations reflect the observations from different regions of the \u201cpre-crop\u201d or \u201cbreak-crop\u201d effect of legumes on yield, N uptake, quality and crop health of following crops.<\/p>\n
Cereals following a legume crop can yield up to 25% more than continuous cereals and this research suggests that this is largely due to processes influencing nutrient uptake and pest and disease control. The magnitude of this effect varies with species, for example, high-biomass crops such as faba bean generally give a greater effect than low-biomass crops such as chickpea. Site also influences this pre-crop effect. The greatest effects of introducing legumes are seen in areas which have predominantly cereal based rotations e.g., in Poland and Northern Italy.<\/p>\n
Policy measures available in 2014 within the Common Agricultural Policy were shown to have a limited scope for increasing cultivation of legumes in arable farming. Modelling the impact of potential European policies up until 2020 showed that a \u2018Legume Premium Payment\u2019 would offer the best opportunity to halt the decline in cultivation of grain legumes.<\/p>\n
The case for expanding legume production in Europe is commonly based upon supposed resource use and environmental benefits (substitution of fertiliser N, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved biodiversity etc.). The Legume Futures project directly assessed these impacts. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs in legumes as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and microorganisms. In the literature there are a range of estimates of the importance of nitrogen fixation as an input to the European nitrogen cycle. Most published estimates have simply multiplied crop area by BNF per unit area. The project re-analysis of existing literature to additionally take into account variation in crop yields across Europe showed that 811 Gg of N (0.811 million tonnes) was fixed in the EU27 by agricultural legumes in 2009. The total amount of N fixed by forage legumes was 586 Gg, comprising 414 Gg from permanent pastures and 172 Gg from temporary pastures. For grain legumes, the total fixation of 225 Gg was dominated by pea, faba bean and soya bean, which were responsible for about three quarters of N fixed.<\/p>\n
The losses of nitrous oxide from legume and non-legume based systems were studied in both forage and grain legumes addressing a recognised knowledge gap in this area. We measured nitrous oxide emissions across a range of sites, legumes and following crops using an agreed protocol and focussed on quantifying the proportion of nitrous oxide released from the nitrogen fixation process and the emission intensity (the amount of nitrous oxide emitted per unit of crop produced). Through this research we have established that the use of legumes (both grain and forage) within farming systems can significantly reduce nitrous oxide emissions and emission intensities. The overall average emission factor for nitrogen fixed by legumes was 0.14 % (compared to 1% for fertiliser N) resulting in an annual flux of N2O of 0.41 kg N2O-N ha-1 for faba bean and 0.54 kg N2O-N ha-1 for peas. This is approximately 40 to 50% of the default background flux of N2O used by the IPCC to account for mineralisation of crop residues and atmospheric deposition. A continental scale analysis using life cycle assessment techniques undertaken within Legume Futures compared the GHG emissions for legumes grown in Europe with those grown elsewhere. The overall impact of producing more grain legumes in Europe includes a small climate benefit compared to importing soybeans to Europe. Approximately 280 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare producing pea instead of wheat in Europe. Similarly, 175 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare of faba bean produced instead of wheat in Europe.<\/p>\n
To quantify the impact of legumes on biodiversity, impacts on non-crop vegetation, earthworm, ground-active invertebrate and Carabidae communities, as well as soil fauna feeding activity were assessed across the network. Although there were differences between sites and crops, there was no consistent effect of the inclusion of legumes within a system on biodiversity.<\/p>\n
Legumes have also evolved many biochemical mechanisms that protect them from herbivores, and the bioactivity of these compounds makes them suitable for many novel and non-food purposes, including the provision of novel livestock feeds, phytoremediation. A review of novel and non-food uses of legumes demonstrated their value for a range of uses as new animal feeds and non-food purposes. In the wild, biological nitrogen fixation is a characteristic of pioneering plant communities and this characteristic is provided by the legume species. Linked to this, legumes can play a special role in improving the agronomic quality of soils that are marginal to agriculture.
\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”innovation” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” disabled=”on” locked=”off”]<\/p>\nInstitutional and organisational innovation<\/strong><\/h4>\n
- \n
- to improve alliances, cooperation and innovative activities for improved farming systems and value chains by integrating knowledge from different actors along value chains in Transition Networks; and<\/li>\n
- to contribute to the knowledge of the policy community as part of value chains by assessing the relevance of Actor Groups\u2019 knowledge and translating it for policy development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”headline project leogo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n
Project logo<\/strong><\/h4>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.legumehub.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut.jpg” alt=”Legume Futures” title_text=”Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut” admin_label=”project logo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” background_enable_image=”off” module_alignment=”left” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Post Footer” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” position_origin_r=”bottom_left” horizontal_offset=”0px” min_height=”358.9px” custom_margin=”0px||-3px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” locked=”off”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”-30px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||” collapsed=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_blurb title=”Povezani linkovi” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%136%%” icon_color=”#444444″ icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Related Links” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_level=”h3″ header_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#ebece7″ custom_margin=”50px||||false|false” custom_padding=”50px|20px|50px|20px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.legumefutures.de<\/a><\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_blurb title=”Tekstovi i video materijal na Hub-u” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%71%%” icon_color=”#444444″ icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Contributions” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_level=”h3″ header_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#ebece7″ custom_margin=”50px||||false|false” custom_padding=”50px|20px|50px|20px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
View all contributions<\/a><\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_blurb title=”Project duration” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%176%%” icon_color=”#444444″ icon_placement=”left” content_max_width=”800px” disabled_on=”on|on|on” admin_label=”Project coordination” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_level=”h3″ header_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#ebece7″ custom_margin=”50px||||false|false” custom_padding=”50px|20px|50px|20px|false|false” disabled=”on”]Mar. 2010 to Feb. 2014
\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Content: Body” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” min_height=”3002.5px” custom_margin=”-66px|||||” custom_padding=”0px||43px||false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”content einspaltig, unter logo” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text admin_label=”content teil 1″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\nKonzorcijum projekta<\/h3>\n
This project was coordinated by Bob Rees, Scotland\u2019s Rural College. The partners are:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
- \n
- Scotlands Rural College<\/li>\n
- University of Helsinki<\/li>\n
- The James Hutton Institute<\/li>\n
- Trinity College Dublin<\/li>\n
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research<\/li>\n
- Donal Murphy-Bokern<\/li>\n
- Aarhus University<\/li>\n
- Agricultural University of Athens<\/li>\n
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation<\/li>\n
- Agricultural Research Centre for International Development<\/li>\n
- Agrifood Research Finland<\/li>\n
- The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences<\/li>\n
- University of Cordoba<\/li>\n
- von Th\u00fcnen Instit\u00fct<\/li>\n
- Universit\u00e0 Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria<\/li>\n
- Agricultural University of Romania<\/li>\n
- Teagasc<\/li>\n
- Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek<\/li>\n
- The Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops<\/li>\n
- University of Novi Sad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”content” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Opis projekta<\/h3>\n
Projekat Legume Futures je imao za cilj da pru\u017ei znanje i tehnologiju za optimalnu upotrebu leguminoza u evropskim poljoprivrednim sistemima i da razvija partnerstva potrebna kako bi se to ostvarilo. Konzorcijum je koristio kombinaciju studija slu\u010daja, modeliranja i novih podataka kako bi pobolj\u0161ao razumevanje plodoreda i poljoprivrednog sistema za pobolj\u0161anu proizvodnju leguminoza. Konzorcijum je procenio usluge ekosistema koje pru\u017eaju leguminoze i ekonomi\u010dnost proizvodnje leguminoza \u0161irom EU. Projekat se bavio i politi\u010dkom pozadinom i politi\u010dkim opcijama u cilju \u0161ireg i dugoro\u010dnijeg uticaja.<\/p>\n
Koriste\u0107i \u0161iroku mre\u017eu od 18 studija slu\u010daja u 12 zemalja, projekat Legume Futures je procenio trenutni status leguminoza u evropskom sistemu poljoprivrede, kao i ekonomske, ekolo\u0161ke i resursne efekte inovativnih sistema \u010dije su komponente leguminoze. Pristup studije slu\u010daja doprineo je razumevanju trenutnog stanja proizvodnje leguminoza u razli\u010ditim agro-klimatskim zonama, zatim uticaja leguminoza u sistemu useva, kao i utvr\u0111enih prepreka u proizvodnji. To je delimi\u010dno postignuto kroz diskusiju u okviru mre\u017ee istra\u017eiva\u010da, savetnika, proizvo\u0111a\u010da i civilnog dru\u0161tva. Drugi pristup objedinio je zapa\u017eanja\u00a0 prikupljena iz mre\u017ee od 18 dugoro\u010dnih i dokumentovanih ogleda. Prikupljeno znanje iz oba ova pristupa kori\u0161\u0107eno je za razvoj biofizi\u010dkih i ekonomskih modela sistema useva i na lokalnom i regionalnom nivou. U pet razli\u010ditih regiona Evrope (Isto\u010dna \u0160kotska (Velika Britanija)), Kalabrija (Italija), Sud-Muntenija (Rumunija), Vastergotland (\u0160vedska) i Brandeburg (Nema\u010dka)), sprovedena je rigorozna analiza postoje\u0107ih i novih modela plodoreda kako bi se istra\u017eile ekonomske i agronomske implikacije novih\u00a0 sistema poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Me\u0111utim, u \u0160vedskoj i Nema\u010dkoj plodoredi zasnovani na leguminozama su bili manje profitabilni te se poljoprivrednici zaklju\u010dili da predstavljaju ve\u0107i rizik od konvencionalnog plodoreda koji nije zasnovan na leguminozama. Dakle, prema trenutnim procenama vrednosti useva i ulaznih tro\u0161kova, ekonomi\u010dno je uklju\u010diti leguminoze u plodored u mnogim evropskim regionima. Leguminoze su ponekad bile u formi dodatnog useva u plodoredu, a ponekad i kao direktna zamena za drugu kulturu. Rezultati ovih istra\u017eivanja odra\u017eavaju zapa\u017eanja o efektima “preduseva” ili ” me\u0111uuseva” leguminoza na prinos, unos azota, kvalitet i zdravlje narednih useva u razli\u010ditim regionima.<\/p>\n
\u017ditarice sejane nakon useva leguminoza mogu dati i do 25% vi\u0161e prinosa u odnosu na uzgoj \u017eitarica u kontinuitetu i ovo istra\u017eivanje sugeri\u0161e da je to u velikoj meri posledica procesa koji uti\u010du na unos hranljivih materija i kontrolu \u0161teto\u010dina i bolesti. Snaga ovog efekta varira sa vrstama, na primer, usevi sa visokom biomasom kao \u0161to je bob, generalno daju ve\u0107i efekat od useva sa niskom biomasom kao \u0161to je leblebija. Lokalitet tako\u0111e uti\u010de na ovaj efekat preduseva. Najve\u0107i efekti uvo\u0111enja laguminoza su uo\u010deni u oblastima u kojima je rotacija useva prete\u017eno zasnovana na \u017eitaricama, na primer u Poljskoj i Severnoj Italiji.<\/p>\n
Pokazalo se da mere politike dostupne 2014. godine u okviru Zajedni\u010dke poljoprivredne politike imaju ograni\u010den obim za podsticanje uzgoja leguminoza u ratarstvu. Modeliranje uticaja evropske politike do 2020. godine pokazalo je da bi “Premijsko pla\u0107anje za leguminoze” ponudilo najbolju opciju da se zaustavi pad uzgoja leguminoza.<\/p>\n
\u0160irenje proizvodnje leguminoza u Evropi se obi\u010dno zasniva na racionalnoj upotrebi resursa i vi\u0161estrukoj koristi za \u017eivotnu sredinu (zamena za azotno \u0111ubrivo, smanjena emisija gasova staklene ba\u0161te, pobolj\u0161anje biodiverziteta itd). Projekat Legume Futures direktno je procenio ove uticaje. Biolo\u0161ka fiksacija azota (BNF) odvija se u leguminozama kao rezultat simbiotske veze izme\u0111u biljke i mikroorganizama. U literaturi postoji niz procena o va\u017enosti fiksacije azota kao inputa za Evropski ciklus azota. Ve\u0107ina objavljenih procena jednostavno je pomno\u017eila povr\u0161inu useva sa BNF po jedinici povr\u0161ine. Ponovna analiza postoje\u0107e literature kako bi se dodatno uzele u obzir varijacije u prinosima \u0161irom Evrope pokazala je da je 811 Gg (0.811 milona tona) azota bilo fiksirano u EU27 poljoprivrednim leguminozama u 2009. godini. Ukupna koli\u010dina azota fiksiranog krmnim leguminozama iznosila je 586 Gg, od \u010dega 414 Gg sa stalnih pa\u0161njaka i 172 Gg sa privremenih pa\u0161njaka. Kod leguminoza gajenih za zrno, u ukupnoj fiksaciji od 225 Gg dominiraju gra\u0161ak, bob i soja, koji su odgovorni za tri \u010detvrtine fiksiranog azota.<\/p>\n
Gubici azotnog oksida iz sistema baziranih na leguminozama i sistema bez leguminoza prou\u010davani su i u krmnim i zrnastim leguminozama, ukazuju\u0107i na poznati jaz u znanju u ovoj oblasti. Izmerena je emisija azotnog oksida u nizu lokaliteta, na usevima leguminoza i narednih useva upotrebom dogovorenog protokola, sa fokusom na odre\u0111ivanje koli\u010dine azotnog oksida oslobo\u0111enog iz procesa fiksacije, kao i intenziteta emisije (koli\u010dina azotnog oksida emitovanog po jedinici proizvedenog useva). Kroz ovo istra\u017eivanje utvr\u0111eno je da upotreba leguminoza u poljoprivrednim sistemima mo\u017ee zna\u010dajno smanjiti emisiju azotnog oksida, kao i intenzitet emisije. Ukupni prose\u010dni emisioni faktor azota fiksiranog leguminozama bio je 0,14 % (u pore\u0111enju sa 1 % za azotno \u0111ubrivo) \u0161to je rezultiralo godi\u0161njim protokom N2O od 0,41 kg N2O-N\/ha za bob i 0,54 kg N20-N\/ha za gra\u0161ak. To je pribli\u017eno 40 do 50 % podrazumevanog pozadinskog fluksa N2O koji IPCC koristi za mineralizaciju ostataka useva i atmosfersko talo\u017eenje. Analiza na kontinentalnoj skali, koriste\u0107i tehnike procene \u017eivotnog ciklusa, sprovedene u okviru Legume Futures projekta, uporedila je emisije gasova staklene ba\u0161te za leguminoze uzgajane u Evropi sa onima koje se uzgajaju na drugim mestima. Ukupan uticaj pove\u0107ane proizvodnje leguminoza u Evropi uklju\u010duje malu klimatsku korist u pore\u0111enju sa uvozom soje u Evropu. Pribli\u017eno 280 kg CO2eq po svakom hektaru se izbegne proizvodnjom gra\u0161ka umesto p\u0161enice u Evropi. Sli\u010dno tome, 175 kg CO2eq po svakom hektaru se izbegne proizvodnjom boba umesto p\u0161enice u Evropi.<\/p>\n
Da bi se izmerio uticaj leguminoza na biodiverzitet, procenjeni su uticaji na vegetaciju bez useva, gliste, beski\u010dmenjake aktivne u zemlji, kolinije Carabidae, kao i na aktivnost ishrane faune zemlji\u0161ta. Iako su postajale razlike izme\u0111u lokaliteta i useva, nije postojao dosledan efekat uklju\u010divanja leguminoza u sistem na biodiverzitet.<\/p>\n
Leguminoze su razvile i mnoge biohemijske procese koje ih \u0161tite od \u0161teto\u010dina, a bioaktivnost ovih jedinjenja ih \u010dini pogodnim za upotrebu u nove neprehrambene svrhe, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i sto\u010dnu hranu i fitoremedijaciju. Bilo\u0161ka fiksacija azota je karakteristika pionirskih biljnih zajednica laguminoza u netaknutoj prirodi. S tim u vezi, leguminoze mogu imati posebnu ulogu u pobolj\u0161anju agronomskog kvaliteta zemlji\u0161ta koja su do tada bila marginalna za poljoprivredu.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Acknowledgement” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”17px” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”34px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_3_font_size=”26px” header_4_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_4_font_size=”17px” hover_enabled=”0″ header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n
Legume-supported cropping systems for Europe (Legume Futures) is a collaborative research project funded from the European Union\u2019s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant number 245216.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.legumehub.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Eu_flag_fundedy_by_small.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” disabled_on=”off|off|off” admin_label=”Header LT” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ custom_padding=”140px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”120px||20px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”120px||20px||false|false” locked=”off” collapsed=”off”][et_pb_row disabled_on=”on|on|on” _builder_version=”4.5.6″ custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” disabled=”on”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider color=”#ffca67″ divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.5.6″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off”][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Content: Titel und Einleitung” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”20px||20px||false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Headline” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” text_font=”Open Sans||||||||” text_font_size=”20px” text_line_height=”2em” header_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_font_size=”34px” header_2_font=”Noto […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":34206,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"
[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" disabled_on=\"off|off|off\" admin_label=\"Header LT\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" custom_padding=\"140px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"120px||20px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"120px||20px||false|false\" locked=\"off\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_row disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" _builder_version=\"4.5.6\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||0px||false|false\" disabled=\"on\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_divider color=\"#ffca67\" divider_weight=\"3px\" _builder_version=\"4.5.6\" max_width=\"80px\" height=\"3px\" locked=\"off\"]
[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" admin_label=\"Content: Titel und Einleitung\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"20px||20px||false|false\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"3_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Headline\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _dynamic_attributes=\"content\" text_font=\"Open Sans||||||||\" text_font_size=\"20px\" text_line_height=\"2em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"40px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" custom_margin=\"||20px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"|10px||10px|false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" header_font_size_tablet=\"34px\" header_font_size_phone=\"28px\" header_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" locked=\"off\"]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMT4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDE+In19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=\"#ffca67\" divider_weight=\"3px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" max_width=\"80px\" height=\"3px\" animation_style=\"slide\" animation_intensity_slide=\"4%\" locked=\"off\"]
[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"3_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Einleitung\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>Legume Futures (Legume-supported cropping systems for Europe) was an international research project financed by the European Union Framework Programme 7. The aim was to develop the use of legumes in cropping systems to improve the economic and environmental performance of European agriculture.<\/p>
Project duration: March 2010 to February 2014<\/p>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=\"#ffca67\" divider_weight=\"3px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" max_width=\"80px\" height=\"3px\" animation_style=\"slide\" animation_intensity_slide=\"4%\" locked=\"off\"]
[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"3_4,1_4\" disabled_on=\"off|off|off\" admin_label=\"Logo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" collapsed=\"on\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"Text einleitung 17px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>Results<\/h3>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"Text einleitung 19px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"19px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Aims<\/h3>
The overall aim of Legumes Translated is to increase the production and use of grain legume crops as part of a European Protein Transition.<\/p>
There is already knowledge and capacity available through local, regional and international initiatives. We aim to stimulate innovation by building on these existing initiatives by networking actor groups linked to them. The project\u2019s objectives are:<\/p>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"content\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
The Legume Futures project set out to deliver knowledge and technology for the optimisation of the use of legumes in European agricultural systems and promote the partnerships needed to achieve this. The consortium used a combination of case studies, modelling and new data to improve understanding of crop rotations and farming system for improved legume production. The consortium assessed ecosystem services delivered by legumes and the economics of legume production across the EU. Fundamental to the wider and longer term impact of the project, the project also have addressed the policy background and options.<\/p>
Using an extensive network of 18 case studies in 12 countries, the Legume Futures project evaluated the current status of legumes in European farming systems and evaluated the economic, environmental and resource effects of new and novel cropping systems in which legumes are a component. The case study approach developed understanding of the current state of legume production in different agroclimatic zones and the effects of legumes in cropping systems and perceived barriers to production. This was achieved partly through discussion with an extensive network of researchers, advisors, producers and civil society. A second approach brought together insight gathered from the network of 18 long-term and well-documented experiments. The accumulated intelligence from both these approaches was used to develop biophysical and economic models of cropping systems at both the farm and regional scales. Using five contrasting regions of Europe (Eastern Scotland (UK), Calabria (IT) Sud-Muntena (RO)) V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (SE) and Brandenburg (DE)), a rigorous analysis of existing and new rotational designs was undertaken to explore the economic and agronomic implications of new system designs. In the majority of cases, rotations that included legumes were more profitable than those that did not. However, in Sweden and Germany the legume based rotations were less profitable and considered by farmers to represent a higher risk than conventional non-legume based rotations. Thus at current estimates of crop values and input costs, it is already economic to include legumes in rotations in many European conditions. The legume sometimes took the form of an additional crop in the rotation and sometimes as a direct replacement for another crop. The generated rotations reflect the observations from different regions of the \u201cpre-crop\u201d or \u201cbreak-crop\u201d effect of legumes on yield, N uptake, quality and crop health of following crops.<\/p>
Cereals following a legume crop can yield up to 25% more than continuous cereals and this research suggests that this is largely due to processes influencing nutrient uptake and pest and disease control. The magnitude of this effect varies with species, for example, high-biomass crops such as faba bean generally give a greater effect than low-biomass crops such as chickpea. Site also influences this pre-crop effect. The greatest effects of introducing legumes are seen in areas which have predominantly cereal based rotations e.g., in Poland and Northern Italy.<\/p>
Policy measures available in 2014 within the Common Agricultural Policy were shown to have a limited scope for increasing cultivation of legumes in arable farming. Modelling the impact of potential European policies up until 2020 showed that a \u2018Legume Premium Payment\u2019 would offer the best opportunity to halt the decline in cultivation of grain legumes.<\/p>
The case for expanding legume production in Europe is commonly based upon supposed resource use and environmental benefits (substitution of fertiliser N, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved biodiversity etc.). The Legume Futures project directly assessed these impacts. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs in legumes as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and microorganisms. In the literature there are a range of estimates of the importance of nitrogen fixation as an input to the European nitrogen cycle. Most published estimates have simply multiplied crop area by BNF per unit area. The project re-analysis of existing literature to additionally take into account variation in crop yields across Europe showed that 811 Gg of N (0.811 million tonnes) was fixed in the EU27 by agricultural legumes in 2009. The total amount of N fixed by forage legumes was 586 Gg, comprising 414 Gg from permanent pastures and 172 Gg from temporary pastures. For grain legumes, the total fixation of 225 Gg was dominated by pea, faba bean and soya bean, which were responsible for about three quarters of N fixed.<\/p>
The losses of nitrous oxide from legume and non-legume based systems were studied in both forage and grain legumes addressing a recognised knowledge gap in this area. We measured nitrous oxide emissions across a range of sites, legumes and following crops using an agreed protocol and focussed on quantifying the proportion of nitrous oxide released from the nitrogen fixation process and the emission intensity (the amount of nitrous oxide emitted per unit of crop produced). Through this research we have established that the use of legumes (both grain and forage) within farming systems can significantly reduce nitrous oxide emissions and emission intensities. The overall average emission factor for nitrogen fixed by legumes was 0.14 % (compared to 1% for fertiliser N) resulting in an annual flux of N2O of 0.41 kg N2O-N ha-1 for faba bean and 0.54 kg N2O-N ha-1 for peas. This is approximately 40 to 50% of the default background flux of N2O used by the IPCC to account for mineralisation of crop residues and atmospheric deposition. A continental scale analysis using life cycle assessment techniques undertaken within Legume Futures compared the GHG emissions for legumes grown in Europe with those grown elsewhere. The overall impact of producing more grain legumes in Europe includes a small climate benefit compared to importing soybeans to Europe. Approximately 280 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare producing pea instead of wheat in Europe. Similarly, 175 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare of faba bean produced instead of wheat in Europe.<\/p>
To quantify the impact of legumes on biodiversity, impacts on non-crop vegetation, earthworm, ground-active invertebrate and Carabidae communities, as well as soil fauna feeding activity were assessed across the network. Although there were differences between sites and crops, there was no consistent effect of the inclusion of legumes within a system on biodiversity.<\/p>
Legumes have also evolved many biochemical mechanisms that protect them from herbivores, and the bioactivity of these compounds makes them suitable for many novel and non-food purposes, including the provision of novel livestock feeds, phytoremediation. A review of novel and non-food uses of legumes demonstrated their value for a range of uses as new animal feeds and non-food purposes. In the wild, biological nitrogen fixation is a characteristic of pioneering plant communities and this characteristic is provided by the legume species. Linked to this, legumes can play a special role in improving the agronomic quality of soils that are marginal to agriculture.<\/p>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"innovation\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Institutional and organisational innovation<\/strong><\/h4>
- to improve alliances, cooperation and innovative activities for improved farming systems and value chains by integrating knowledge from different actors along value chains in Transition Networks; and<\/li>
- to contribute to the knowledge of the policy community as part of value chains by assessing the relevance of Actor Groups\u2019 knowledge and translating it for policy development.<\/li><\/ul>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"headline project leogo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Project logo<\/strong><\/h4>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\"https:\/\/www.legumehub.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut.jpg\" alt=\"Legume Futures\" title_text=\"Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut\" admin_label=\"project logo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" background_enable_image=\"off\" module_alignment=\"left\" min_height=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" max_height=\"100px\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"3_4,1_4\" disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"content einspaltig, unter logo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" disabled=\"on\" collapsed=\"on\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"Text einleitung 17px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Results<\/h3>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"Text einleitung 19px\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"19px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Aims<\/h3>
The overall aim of Legumes Translated is to increase the production and use of grain legume crops as part of a European Protein Transition.<\/p>
There is already knowledge and capacity available through local, regional and international initiatives. We aim to stimulate innovation by building on these existing initiatives by networking actor groups linked to them. The project\u2019s objectives are:<\/p>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"content\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
The Legume Futures project set out to deliver knowledge and technology for the optimisation of the use of legumes in European agricultural systems and promote the partnerships needed to achieve this. The consortium used a combination of case studies, modelling and new data to improve understanding of crop rotations and farming system for improved legume production. The consortium assessed ecosystem services delivered by legumes and the economics of legume production across the EU. Fundamental to the wider and longer term impact of the project, the project also have addressed the policy background and options.<\/p>
Using an extensive network of 18 case studies in 12 countries, the Legume Futures project evaluated the current status of legumes in European farming systems and evaluated the economic, environmental and resource effects of new and novel cropping systems in which legumes are a component. The case study approach developed understanding of the current state of legume production in different agroclimatic zones and the effects of legumes in cropping systems and perceived barriers to production. This was achieved partly through discussion with an extensive network of researchers, advisors, producers and civil society. A second approach brought together insight gathered from the network of 18 long-term and well-documented experiments. The accumulated intelligence from both these approaches was used to develop biophysical and economic models of cropping systems at both the farm and regional scales. Using five contrasting regions of Europe (Eastern Scotland (UK), Calabria (IT) Sud-Muntena (RO)) V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (SE) and Brandenburg (DE)), a rigorous analysis of existing and new rotational designs was undertaken to explore the economic and agronomic implications of new system designs. In the majority of cases, rotations that included legumes were more profitable than those that did not. However, in Sweden and Germany the legume based rotations were less profitable and considered by farmers to represent a higher risk than conventional non-legume based rotations. Thus at current estimates of crop values and input costs, it is already economic to include legumes in rotations in many European conditions. The legume sometimes took the form of an additional crop in the rotation and sometimes as a direct replacement for another crop. The generated rotations reflect the observations from different regions of the \u201cpre-crop\u201d or \u201cbreak-crop\u201d effect of legumes on yield, N uptake, quality and crop health of following crops.<\/p>
Cereals following a legume crop can yield up to 25% more than continuous cereals and this research suggests that this is largely due to processes influencing nutrient uptake and pest and disease control. The magnitude of this effect varies with species, for example, high-biomass crops such as faba bean generally give a greater effect than low-biomass crops such as chickpea. Site also influences this pre-crop effect. The greatest effects of introducing legumes are seen in areas which have predominantly cereal based rotations e.g., in Poland and Northern Italy.<\/p>
Policy measures available in 2014 within the Common Agricultural Policy were shown to have a limited scope for increasing cultivation of legumes in arable farming. Modelling the impact of potential European policies up until 2020 showed that a \u2018Legume Premium Payment\u2019 would offer the best opportunity to halt the decline in cultivation of grain legumes.<\/p>
The case for expanding legume production in Europe is commonly based upon supposed resource use and environmental benefits (substitution of fertiliser N, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved biodiversity etc.). The Legume Futures project directly assessed these impacts. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs in legumes as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and microorganisms. In the literature there are a range of estimates of the importance of nitrogen fixation as an input to the European nitrogen cycle. Most published estimates have simply multiplied crop area by BNF per unit area. The project re-analysis of existing literature to additionally take into account variation in crop yields across Europe showed that 811 Gg of N (0.811 million tonnes) was fixed in the EU27 by agricultural legumes in 2009. The total amount of N fixed by forage legumes was 586 Gg, comprising 414 Gg from permanent pastures and 172 Gg from temporary pastures. For grain legumes, the total fixation of 225 Gg was dominated by pea, faba bean and soya bean, which were responsible for about three quarters of N fixed.<\/p>
The losses of nitrous oxide from legume and non-legume based systems were studied in both forage and grain legumes addressing a recognised knowledge gap in this area. We measured nitrous oxide emissions across a range of sites, legumes and following crops using an agreed protocol and focussed on quantifying the proportion of nitrous oxide released from the nitrogen fixation process and the emission intensity (the amount of nitrous oxide emitted per unit of crop produced). Through this research we have established that the use of legumes (both grain and forage) within farming systems can significantly reduce nitrous oxide emissions and emission intensities. The overall average emission factor for nitrogen fixed by legumes was 0.14 % (compared to 1% for fertiliser N) resulting in an annual flux of N2O of 0.41 kg N2O-N ha-1 for faba bean and 0.54 kg N2O-N ha-1 for peas. This is approximately 40 to 50% of the default background flux of N2O used by the IPCC to account for mineralisation of crop residues and atmospheric deposition. A continental scale analysis using life cycle assessment techniques undertaken within Legume Futures compared the GHG emissions for legumes grown in Europe with those grown elsewhere. The overall impact of producing more grain legumes in Europe includes a small climate benefit compared to importing soybeans to Europe. Approximately 280 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare producing pea instead of wheat in Europe. Similarly, 175 kg CO2eq are avoided for each hectare of faba bean produced instead of wheat in Europe.<\/p>
To quantify the impact of legumes on biodiversity, impacts on non-crop vegetation, earthworm, ground-active invertebrate and Carabidae communities, as well as soil fauna feeding activity were assessed across the network. Although there were differences between sites and crops, there was no consistent effect of the inclusion of legumes within a system on biodiversity.<\/p>
Legumes have also evolved many biochemical mechanisms that protect them from herbivores, and the bioactivity of these compounds makes them suitable for many novel and non-food purposes, including the provision of novel livestock feeds, phytoremediation. A review of novel and non-food uses of legumes demonstrated their value for a range of uses as new animal feeds and non-food purposes. In the wild, biological nitrogen fixation is a characteristic of pioneering plant communities and this characteristic is provided by the legume species. Linked to this, legumes can play a special role in improving the agronomic quality of soils that are marginal to agriculture.<\/p>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text disabled_on=\"on|on|on\" admin_label=\"innovation\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" disabled=\"on\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Institutional and organisational innovation<\/strong><\/h4>
- to improve alliances, cooperation and innovative activities for improved farming systems and value chains by integrating knowledge from different actors along value chains in Transition Networks; and<\/li>
- to contribute to the knowledge of the policy community as part of value chains by assessing the relevance of Actor Groups\u2019 knowledge and translating it for policy development.<\/li><\/ul>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"headline project leogo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" text_font=\"||||||||\" text_font_size=\"17px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" header_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_2_font_size=\"34px\" header_2_line_height=\"1.4em\" header_3_font=\"Noto Serif||||||||\" header_3_font_size=\"26px\" header_4_font=\"Noto Serif|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"17px\" header_2_font_size_tablet=\"30px\" header_2_font_size_phone=\"24px\" header_2_font_size_last_edited=\"on|phone\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>
Project logo<\/strong><\/h4>
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\"https:\/\/www.legumehub.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut.jpg\" alt=\"Legume Futures\" title_text=\"Logo_Legume_Futures_project-e1623144391773_cut\" admin_label=\"project logo\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" background_enable_image=\"off\" module_alignment=\"left\" min_height=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" max_height=\"100px\"][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" disabled_on=\"off|off|off\" admin_label=\"Post Footer\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" position_origin_r=\"bottom_left\" horizontal_offset=\"0px\" min_height=\"358.9px\" custom_margin=\"0px||-3px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" locked=\"off\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_3,1_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"-30px||||false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Related links\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"%%136%%\" icon_color=\"#444444\" icon_placement=\"left\" content_max_width=\"800px\" disabled_on=\"off|off|off\" admin_label=\"Related Links\" _builder_version=\"4.8.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_level=\"h3\" header_font_size=\"18px\" background_color=\"#ebece7\" custom_margin=\"50px||||false|false\" custom_padding=\"50px|20px|50px|20px|false|false\"]<\/p>